A proxy or VPN only takes over one path: the HTTP/HTTPS traffic your browser actively sends. The trouble is your device has more than one way to reveal its real identity โ at least three independent channels bypass the tunnel: WebRTC, DNS, and IPv6. They're independent of each other, so closing one says nothing about the other two. That's exactly why an IP-leak check has to test all of them together rather than just one.
WebRTC is the browser's built-in peer-to-peer capability (video calls and screen sharing rely on it). To punch through NAT it queries a STUN server and gets back a 'server-reflexive candidate' โ your machine's real public exit IP. This exchange ignores your HTTP proxy settings, so a few lines of RTCPeerConnection script can read the real address behind your proxy without you ever noticing. Modern Chrome / Edge now obfuscate local-network IPs into .local hostnames via mDNS, but that only hides private addresses โ the public reflexive address, the one that actually matters, can still leak.
A DNS leak is a different beast. Even when your web traffic goes through the proxy, the 'ask for directions' requests that translate domain names into IPs (DNS queries) may not follow it into the tunnel, landing instead at your local ISP's resolver. Through EDNS or resolver ownership, a site can infer your real carrier and rough region โ the IP looks like the proxy's, but DNS gives you away.
IPv6 leaks are the sneakiest. Today's home broadband and 4G/5G are mostly dual-stack (both an IPv4 and an IPv6 exit), yet many proxy clients tunnel only IPv4 by default, assuming you have no IPv6. The result: IPv4 dutifully goes through the tunnel while IPv6 goes straight out over your real line. Operating systems also tend to prefer IPv6 (lower latency), so plenty of requests take the un-proxied path.